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| Vogl Differential Diagnosis in Head and Neck Imaging Table of ContentsGeneral Part 1 Introduction Concept and Approach Systematic Approach to the Analysis of Radiologic Findings in the Head and Neck Region Clinical Examination Techniques 2 Diagnostic Imaging Techniques Conventional Radiography Sectional Imaging Modalities Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Radionuclide Imaging Diagnostic Angiography and Interventional Treatment Principles in the Interpretation of Normal Tissue Structures in Imaging Techniques Interpretation of Normal Tissue Structures in MRI Muscle Tissue Fatty Tissue Cartilage Special Part 3 Anterior Skull Base Normal Anatomy Basal Foramina Sella turcica Cavernous Sinus Clivus Clinical Signs and Symptoms Imaging Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Ultrasound Conventional Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Value of Different MR Sequences Radionuclide Imaging Radionuclide Bone Scans Immunoscintigraphy CSF Scintigraphy Imaging Findings Congenital Variations and Malformations (Figs. 3.3, 3.4a, and Table 3.6) Tumors (Tables 3.7 and 3.8) Inflammatory Lesions Traumatic Lesions Iatrogenic Lesions Imaging Criteria and their Differential Diagnosis Liquid Masses Air-Containing Masses Tumor Masses Osseous Lesions Expansion of the Bony Structures of the Skull Base Structural Defects of the Bony Skull Base Summary and Diagnostic Strategy 4 Middle Skull Base and Middle Ear Normal Anatomy Blood Supply and Innervation Neurovascular Compartments of the Temporal Bone Carotid Canal Hypoglossal Canal Clinical Signs and Symptoms Clinical Differential Diagnosis of Hearing Disorders Differential Diagnosis of Lesions Causing Peripheral Facial Nerve Palsy (Bell's Palsy) (Fig. 4.24) Imaging Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Conventional Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Imaging Findings Congenital Variations and Malformations Tumors External Auditory Canal Middle Ear Inflammatory Lesions Imaging Criteria and Their Differential Diagnosis Tumor Mass in the External Auditory Canal (Table 4.9) Increased Pneumatization of the Temporal Bone (Table 4.10) Liquid Lesions in the Tympanic Cavity and Mastoid (Table 4.11) Faintly Enhancing Solid Tumor Mass in the Tympanic Cavity (Table 4.12) Intensely Enhancing (Hypervascular) Solid Tumor Mass in the Tympanic Cavity (Table 4.13) Erosion or Destruction of the Temporal Bone (Tympanic Cavity, Middle Ear, Mastoid) (Table 4.14) Osteosclerotic Process of the Temporal Bone (Table 4.15) Enhancing Facial Nerve Lesion With No Mass Effect (Tables 4.16, 4.17) Tumor Mass of the Facial Nerve (Table 4.18) Hypoplasia of the Jugular Foramen Erosive and Destructive Lesions of the Jugular Foramen (Table 4.19) Destructive Petrous Apex Lesion (Table 4.20) Mass Lesion in the Mastoid Traumatic Lesions of the Temporal Bone Focal Enhancing Facial Nerve Lesion Showing Remission at Follow-Up Summary and Diagnostic Strategy 5 Internal Auditory Canal, Cerebellopontine Angle, and Labyrinth Normal Anatomy Clinical Signs and Symptoms Imaging Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Conventional Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Imaging Findings Congenital Variations and Malformations Malformations of the Inner Ear Tumors Osteodystrophic Diseases of the Temporal Bone (Otosclerosis, Otospongiosis) Temporal Bone Trauma (Figs. 5.31, 5.32) Imaging Criteria and Their Differential Diagnosis Asymmetric Expansion of the Internal Auditory Canal on Conventional Radiography and CT Solid Enhancing Mass Larger than 5 mm in the Internal Auditory Canal on CT or MRI Solid Enhancing Mass Smaller than 5 mm in the Internal Auditory Canal (on MRI Only) Linear Enhancement in the Internal Auditory Canal (on MRI) Solid Enhancing Mass in the Cerebellopontine Angle on CT or MRI Cystic Mass in the Cerebellopontine Angle, Internal Auditory Canal, or Inner Ear Air in the Cerebellopontine Angle and Internal Auditory Canal Hyperintense Lesion on Unenhanced T1-Weighted Spin-Echo MRI Enhancing Labyrinthine Structures Bleeding into the Labyrinth Absence of MRI Signal in the Labyrinth Brainstem Mass Cystic or Necrotic Mass in the Posterior Cranial Fossa Mass of the Clivus and Prepontine Cistern Ring Enhancement in the Posterior Cranial Fossa Multiple Enhancing Masses in the Cerebellum and Bordering Spaces Bony Erosion of the Petrous Apex Bony Erosion of the Internal Auditory Canal Erosion of Bony Structures in the Middle Cranial Fossa Erosion of the Sphenoid Bone Masses Associated with Increased Radiographic Density of the Temporal Bone Mass in the Foramen ovale Summary and Diagnostic Strategy 6 Nasopharynx and Nasal Cavity Normal Anatomy Nasopharynx Nasal Cavity Clinical Signs and Symptoms Imaging Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Conventional Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Imaging Findings Congenital Variations and Malformations Tumors Inflammatory Lesions Iatrogenic Changes Imaging Criteria and Their Differential Diagnosis Liquid Masses Masses with Moderately High T2-Weighted Signal Intensity Tumor Masses Bone Destruction Abnormal Air Collections in the Nasopharynx Summary and Diagnostic Strategy 7 Paranasal Sinuses and Adjacent Facial Skeleton Normal Anatomy Maxillary Sinus Ethmoid Sinus Frontal Sinus Sphenoid Sinus Clinical Signs and Symptoms Imaging Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Ultrasound Conventional Radiography Computed Tomography Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) Magnetic Resonance Imaging Imaging Findings Congenital Variations and Malformations Tumors Benign Tumors Malignant Tumors Inflammatory Lesions (Fig. 7.15) Traumatic Lesions (Figs. 7.4--7.8) Iatrogenic Changes Imaging Criteria and Their Differential Diagnosis Deformity or Asymmetry of the Paranasal Sinuses (Tables 7.6, 7.7) Liquid Sinus Masses on CT Sinus Tumor Masses on CT or MRI (Table 7.9) Radiographically Dense Sinus Lesions (Table 7.10) Sinus Lesions with High T2-Weighted Signal Intensity Sinus Lesions with Low T2-Weighted Signal Intensity Circumscribed Facial Swelling Bone Destruction Summary and Diagnostic Strategy 8The Orbit Normal Anatomy The Globe Orbital Nerves Orbital Vessels Muscles and Orbital Fat Lacrimal Gland Bony Boundaries of the Orbit Clinical Signs and Symptoms Imaging Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Conventional Radiography Dacryocystography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Ultrasound Diagnostic Angiography and Interventional Procedures Imaging Findings Congenital Variations, Malformations, and Congenital Lesions Tumors Inflammatory Lesions (Fig. 8.8) Nonspecific Myositis Traumatic Lesions Imaging Criteria and their Differential Diagnosis Liquid Masses Air-Containing Masses Tumor Masses (Figs. 8.4--8.6) Osseous Lesions (Fig. 8.12) Summary and Diagnostic Strategy 9 Parapharyngeal Space and Adjacent Deep Compartments Normal Anatomy Masticator Space Infratemporal Fossa Buccal Space Clinical Signs and Symptoms Imaging Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Imaging Findings Congenital Variations and Malformations Tumors Inflammatory Lesions Vascular Lesions of the Parapharyngeal Space and Bordering Spaces Traumatic Lesions Iatrogenic Lesions Imaging Criteria and their Differential Diagnosis Liquid Masses (Table 9.2) Air-Containing Masses Tumor Masses of the Prestyloid Compartment Tumor Masses of the Poststyloid (Retrostyloid) Compartment Tumor Masses of the Masticator Space Summary and Diagnostic Strategy 10 Salivary Glands Normal Anatomy (Fig. 10.1) Clinical Signs and Symptoms Imaging Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Sialography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Computed Tomography Imaging Findings Congenital Variations and Malformations Cystic Lesions Benign Salivary Gland Tumors Malignant Salivary Gland Tumors Inflammatory Lesions Systemic and Degenerative Lesions Iatrogenic and Posttherapeutic Lesions Imaging Criteria and their Differential Diagnosis Cystic Masses (Fig. 10.2) Tumor Masses of the Parotid Gland Tumor Masses of the Sublingual and Submandibular Glands Reticular Parenchymal Changes Summary and Diagnostic Strategy 11 Temporomandibular Joint Normal Anatomy Clinical Signs and Symptoms Imaging Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Conventional Radiography Invasive Arthrography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment of Mandibular Opening Contrast Agents Imaging Findings Congenital Variations and Malformations Tumors Benign Tumors Benign Nonodontogenic Tumors Histiocytosis X Malignant Tumors Arthritis Degenerative Diseases Joint Trauma Disk Displacement Imaging Criteria and their Differential Diagnosis Disk Displacement Shape and Structural Changes in the Articular Disk Differential Diagnosis of Internal Derangement Altered Signal Intensity of the Mandibular Condyle on MRI Effusion and Soft-Tissue Proliferation in the TMJ (Tables 11.13--11.15) Mass Lesions Condylar Hyperplasia Expansion of the Mandibular Condyle and Articular Structures Summary and Diagnostic Strategy 12 Oral Cavity, Oropharynx, and Oral Floor Normal Anatomy Clinical Signs and Symptoms Imaging Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Conventional Radiography Ultrasound Computed Tomography Digital Subtraction Angiography Radionuclide Imaging Magnetic Resonance Imaging Imaging Findings Congenital Variations and Malformations Tumors Inflammatory Lesions Traumatic Lesions Iatrogenic Changes Staging of Nodal Disease Imaging Criteria and their Differential Diagnosis Liquid Masses or Lesions of the Oropharynx and Oral Cavity Air-Containing Masses or Lesions of the Oropharynx and Oral Cavity Tumor Masses Benign Tumors Inflammatory Lesions of the Oropharynx and Oral Cavity Bone Destruction Summary and Diagnostic Strategy 13 Hypopharynx and Larynx Normal Anatomy Clinical Signs and Symptoms Imaging Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Imaging Findings Congenital Variations and Malformations Tumors Benign Tumors Malignant Tumors Semimalignant Tumors Inflammatory Lesions Degenerative Changes Traumatic Lesions Iatrogenic and Posttherapeutic Changes Imaging Criteria and their Differential Diagnosis Liquid Masses Air-Containing Masses Solid Tumor Masses Laryngeal Cartilage Destruction Unilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis Summary and Diagnostic Strategy 14 Soft Tissues of the Neck Normal Anatomy Clinical Signs and Symptoms Imaging Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Ultrasound Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Imaging Findings Congenital Variations and Malformations Tumors Inflammatory Lesions Vascular Lesions Traumatic Lesions Iatrogenic and Posttherapeutic Changes Imaging Criteria and their Differential Diagnosis Liquid Masses Air-Containing Masses and Structures Solid Tumor Masses Thyroid Abnormalities Vascular Lesions Summary and Diagnostic Strategy 15 Prevertebral Space Including the Trachea and Esophagus Normal Anatomy Clinical Signs and Symptoms Imaging Evaluation and Differential Diagnosis Conventional Oral Contrast Examination Conventional Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Ultrasound Imaging Findings Congenital Variations and Malformations Tumors Inflammatory Lesions Degenerative and Systemic Diseases Vascular Lesions Traumatic Lesions Iatrogenic and Posttherapeutic Changes Imaging Criteria and their Differential Diagnosis Expansion of the Retropharyngeal or Prevertebral Space Tumor Masses Related to Bone Tumor Masses of the Trachea Liquid or Air-Filled Masses of the Esophagus Primary Dilatation of the Esophagus Esophageal Stenosis with or without Prestenotic Dilatation Changes in the Esophageal Mucosa Cartilage Changes Tracheal Stenosis Summary and Diagnostic Strategy |
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