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| Beer Endodontology Table of ContentsForeword / Acknowledgments 1 Pathology and diagnosis 2 Diagnosis of proximal caries 4 Diagnosis of fissure caries 7 Smooth surface caries 8 Reversible pulpitis 10 Acute irreversible pulpitis 12 Presumptive diagnosis 14 Carious pulp exposure--pulpitis aperta 16 Necrosis of the pulp tissue 18 Intentional devitalization 20 Filling materials and pulp necrosis 22 Bacterial infection in the root canal 24 Treatment of bacterial infection 26 Acute apical periodontitis 28 Periapical abscess 30 Chronic apical periodontitis 32 Chronic apical periodontitis and radicular cysts 34 Radicular cysts 35 Examination and diagnosis 36 Extraoral examination 37 Intraoral examination 38 Sensitivity tests 40 Radiographic diagnosis and interpretation 42 Radiography in endodontology 44 Digital radiographic technique 44 - Intraoral systems 44 - Increasing contrast 44 - Positive and negative images 44 - False color imaging 44 - millimeter grid 45 - Resolution 45 - Dynamics 45 - Filters 45 - Image projection 46 Uses of digital radiography 47 Anatomy 48 Methods of reproducing root canal anatomy 49 - Three-dimensional computer reconstruction 50 - Magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) 51 Fundamentals 51 - Classification of canal configurations 52 - Maxillary anterior teeth 53 - Mandibular anterior teeth 54 - Maxillary premolars 55 - Mandibular premolars 56 - Maxillary molars 57 - Peculiarities of maxillary first molars // 58 - Mandibular molars 59 Instruments and materials 60 The three basic types of instruments... 61 ...and their further development 62 Instruments of titanium alloys 64 Engine-driven instrumentation 65 - Canal Finder/Canal Leader 2000 66 Sonic and ultrasonic systems 68 Retrograde microsurgery 69 Lasers in endodontics 70 - Vitality test with the laser-Doppler probe 70 - Laser treatment of cut dentin and the pulp 71 - Vital amputation 71 - Sealing the root canal 72 - Root canal preparation 72 - Root canal disinfection 73 - Flushing, drying and medicated dressings 74 Gutta percha 76 Cold and warm gutta percha techniques 77 Rubber dam 78 The rubber dam 79 Rubber dam clamps 80 Additional preparations 81 Placing the rubber dam 81 - Rubber dam application I (bow technique) 82 - Rubber dam application II (wing technique) 84 - Rubber dam application III (rubber first) 85 - Rubber dam application IV (clamp first) 86 Special cases 87 Local anesthesia 88 Anesthetic solutions 90 Selection 90 Side effects 91 Access preparation 92 Core buildup 94 Opening the pulp chamber 95 Uncovering the canal entrances 96 Probing the canal entrances 98 Straight-line access to the canals 100 Obliterated root canals 102 Locating canals with the surgical microscope 104 Chemical aids 107 Root canal preparation 108 Radiographic length determination 110 Problems in length determination 112 Loss of the working length 114 Working length with apical resorption 116 Electronic length determination 118 Instrumentation of straight root canals 120 Balanced force technique 122 Step-back technique 124 Instrumentation of the crooked root canal: Part I 126 Instrumentation of the crooked root canal: Part II 128 Surface of the canal wall following manual instrumentation 130 Instrumentation under the surgical microscope 132 Instrumentation of crooked molar root canals: Part I 134 Instrumentation of crooked molar root canals: Part II 136 Instrumentation problem solving 136 - Step formation 136 - Funneling the apex 137 - Perforation 137 - Over-instrumentation 138 Instrumentation with titanium alloy files 140 Engine-driven canal instrumentation 142 Engine-driven instrumentation with titanium files 144 Surfaces of canal walls after engine-powered instrumentation 145 Disinfection 146 Microbial infection of root canals 148 Flushing the root canal 150 Flushing the periapical lesion 152 Ultrasonic root canal flushing 154 Removal of the smear layer 156 Antibacterial intermediate dressing 158 Application of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] 160 Intermediate dressing for chronic apical periodontitis 162 Intermediate dressing for acute apical periodontitis 164 Clinical results 165 Root canal obturation 166 Biological properties 167 Physical properties 168 Prerequisites for filling the root canal 170 Lateral condensation of gutta percha 172 Adaptation of gutta percha 176 Corrections during condensation 178 Gutta percha master point too long 180 Gutta percha master point too short 182 Thermomechanical condensation 183 Thermafil 184 Thermoplastic injection technique 186 Three dimensional gutta percha filling 188 Vertical condensation: Part I 190 Vertical condensation: Part II 192 Clinical results 194 Fully automatic method of root canal preparation 196 Fully automatic method of root canal obturation 198 Endodontic failures 199 Endodontics in primary and mixed dentitions 200 Pulpotomies in primary teeth 202 Pulpectomies in primary teeth 203 Direct pulp capping 204 Pulpotomies in the mixed dentition 206 Teeth with developmental defects 206 - Dens invaginatus 207 - Palatal groove 208 Apexification 209 Retreatment of endodontic failures 210 Failures and root canal anatomy 212 Indications for retreatment 214 Pain following root canal treatment 216 Removal of dowel-retained cores 218 Retreatment of gutta percha fillings 222 Removal of broken instrument fragments 228 Bypassing fractured instruments 230 Repair of lateral perforations 232 Repair of coronal perforations 233 Microsurgical endodontics 234 Principles of microsurgery 235 - Illumination and magnification 236 Indications for surgical procedures 237 Preoperative analysis 238 Design and execution of the flap 238 - Mucoperiosteal flaps 239 - Fully mobilized flaps 240 Apical resection 241 Resection angle 242 Hemostasis 243 Microscopic inspection of the resected surface 244 Isthmus 246 Clinical treatment of the isthmus 248 Retrograde preparation with ultrasonics 250 Drying the retrograde preparation 251 Reverse obturation 252 Super EBA Cement 254 Effect of sutures on soft tissue healing 255 Traumatic tooth injuries 256 Crown fractures 258 Crown-root fractures 260 Luxation and root fractures 262 Vertical root fractures 264 Cracked teeth 267 Postendodontic care 268 Provisional coronal seal 270 Fracture risk and partial veneer crowns 272 Coronal restoration 274 Endodontic dowels 278 Cast dowel-cores 280 Coronal restorations and treatment results 282 Restoration of hemisected teeth 283 Tooth bleaching 284 Causes of tooth discoloration 286 Thermocatalytic bleaching 287 Walking bleach technique 288 Microabrasion method 290 Night guard vital bleaching 293 References 304 Illustration credits 305 Subject index |
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