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| Antunovic Magnetic Resonance in the Diagnosis of CNS Disorders Table of ContentsA. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF THE BRAIN AND CRANIO-CERVICAL JUNCTION PATHOLOGY Gradimir Dragutinovic, Vaso Antunovic GENERAL PRINCIPLES 1. Introduction 2. History 3. Operating principles of the Magnetic Resonance 4. Magnetic Resonance imaging of the normal anatomy structures 5. Artifacts 6. Technique of the MR examination 7. Selection of sequences for the MR examination 8. Paramagnetic contrast in the magnetic resonance imaging I.MALFORMATIONS 25 Vaso Antunovic, Gradimir Dragutinovic, Zvonimir Levic 1. Midline closure defects (neural tube defects, dysraphic disorders) a) Encephalocele, meningocele, meningoencephalocele b) Cerebellar agenesis and hypoplasia c) Dandy-Walker Syndrome d) Retrocerebellar Arachnoidal Pouch (Blakes cyst) e) Arnold-Chiari Malformation 2. Malformation of the commisures and midline structures a) Corpus callosum agenesis b) Cavum septi pellucidi, cavum verge and cavum veli interpositi 3. Anomalies of the cell migration 4. Destructive lesions a) Porencephaly 5. Neuroectodermal dysplasia; phakomatosis a) Tuberous sclerosis - Morbus Bourneville b) Neurofibromatosis 6. Miscellaneous abnormalities a) Hydrocephalus b) Arachnoidal cyst c) Basilar invagination II. CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES OF THE BRAIN Gradimir Dragutinovic, Zvonimir Levic, Ivan Piscevic 1. Arterial blood flow disorders 2. Venous blood flow disorders 3. Hemorrhage 4. Vascular malformations a) A-V malformation (angioma) b) Aneurysms c) Varices of the Galens vein d) Venous angioma e) Capillary telangiectasia f) Cavernoma 5. Miscellaneous III. TRAUMA Miroslav Samardzic, Gradimir Dragutinovic, Vaso Antunovic 1. Brain contusion 2. Brain trauma caused by drowning (Submersio) IV. INTRACRANIAL INFECTION Branislav Nestorovic, Gradimir Dragutinovic, Lukas Rasulic 1. Bacterial infections a) Abscessus cerebri b) Epidural and subdural empyema c) Meningovascular Neurosyphilis d) Borreliosis 2. Parasytoses a) Cysticercosis b) Echinococcosis c) Trichinosis 3. Neuro AIDS 4. Sarcoidosis V. DEGENERATIVE DISEASES OF THE BRAIN Zvonimir Levic , Gradimir Dragutinovic 1. Primary neuronal disease (gray matter) a) Congenital diseases b) Acquired neuronal diseases (gray matter) b-1 Alzheimer's disease b-2 Picks disease b-3 Creutzfeldt-Jacobs disease 2. Primary diseases of the basal ganglia and brainstem a) Congenital diseases a-6 Olivo-ponto-cerebellar degeneration b) Acquired and unexplained causes b-1 Central pontine myelinosis 3. Primary involvement with no sites of predilection a) Congenital diseases b) Acquired and unexplained causes b-1 Systemic lupus erythematodes 4. Myelin diseases (white matter) a) Congenital white matter diseases a- 1, 2, 3 Leukodistrophies b) Acquired and unknow causes b-1 Sclerosis Multiple b-3 Hypertensive cerebrovascular disease (Binswangers disease and Multiinfarction dementia) b-5 Postinfective encephalomyelitis b-6 Postirradiation sequels b-7 Necrotizing encephalopathies VI. BRAIN TUMORS Miodrag Rakic, Vaso Antunovic, Ljiljana Djordjic, Gradimir Dragutinovic Craniocervical and cervicocranial tumors 1. Tumors of neuroepithelial origin a) Astrocytic tumors a-1 Astrocytoma a-2 Glioma of the optic nerve and glioma of the optic chiasm b) Oligodendroglial tumors b-1 Oligodendroglioma c) Poorly differentiated and embryonic tumors c-1 Glioblastoma c-2 PNET - Medulloblastoma d) Ependymal tumors d-1 Ependymoma e) Chorioid plexus tumors e-1 Chorioid plexus papilloma f) Pineal cell tumor f-1 Pinealoma f-2 Other tumors of the pineal region Neuronal tumors 2. Tumors of nerve sheath origin Neurinoma 3. Meningeal tumors a) Meningioma a-1 Meningioma a-2 Atypical meningioma a-3 Malignant meningioma 4. Tumors of vascular origin a) Hemangioblastoma b) Hemangiopericytoma 5. Germinal cell tumors a) Germinoma b) Teratoma 6. Malformation and miscellaneous tumors a) Craniopharyngioma b) Colloidal cyst c) Lipoma d) Dermoid, epidermoid and neuroenteric cysts d-1 Dermoid cyst d-2 Epidermoids d-3 Neuroenteric cysts 7. Primary malignant lymphoma 8. Metastases VII. TUMORS OF THE POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA Vaso Antunovic, Gradimir Dragutinovic, Miodrag Rakic 1. Intraaxial posterior fossa tumors a) Medulloblastoma b) Ependymoma c) Papilloma of the chorioid plexus 2. Extraaxial posterior fossa tumors a) Neurinoma of the acoustic nerve b) Neurofibroma c) Meningioma d) Epidermoid e) Chordoma f) Glomus jugulare tumor 3. Tumors of the cerebellar hemispheres a) Astrocytoma b) Hemangioblastoma c) Cavernoma d) Angioma e) Metastases 4. Primary tumors of the brainstem VIII. TUMORS OF THE CRANIOCERVICAL JUNCTION Gradimir Dragutinovic, Miodrag Rakic, Ljiljana Djordjic a) Neurinoma b) Meningioma mixtus c) Meningioma d) A-V malformation e) Ependymoma IX. EXTRACRANIAL TUMORS WITH INTRACRANIAL PROPAGATION Vaso Antunovic, Gradimir Dragutinovic, Ivan Piscevic a) Chordoma b) Nasopharyngeal adenocarcinoma c) Squamous cell carcinoma of nasopharynx d) Squamous cell carcinoma of maxilla and zygomatic bone e) Benign tumor of the pterygoid fossa f) Optic nerve glioma X. TUMORS OF THE HYPOPHYSIS Gradimir Dragutinovic, Vaso Antunovic, Miroslav Samardzic a) HGH-Producing Adenomas b) Prolactinomas c) ACTH-Producing adenomas d) TSH-Producing adenomas e) FSH and LH-Producing adenomas f) Hormonally inactive adenomas g) Pathologic lesions of the hypophyseal stalk h) Empty Sella Syndrome i) MR controls XI. TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY Zvonimir Levi´c, Gradimir Dragutinovi´c, Lukas Rasuli´c a) Arachnoidal cyst b) Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage c) Aneurysm of the internal carotid artery d) Cavernoma e) Trauma f) Tumor g) Postoperative defect XII. MR ANGIOGRAPHY OF THE ENDOCRANIUM AND NECK Gradimir Dragutinovic, Vaso Antunovic, Miodrag Rakic XIII. MR CONTROLS FOLLOWING THERAPY Gradimir Dragutinovic, Ljiljana Djordjic, Lukas Rasulic XIV. MR IN CHILDREN Gradimir Dragutinovic, Zvonimir Levic, Vaso Antunovic a) Retrocerebellar arachnoidal pouch b) Arachnoidal Cyst c) Cryptic AVM d) Borreliosis e) Leukodystrophy f) Meningiomas g) Pilocytic Astrocytomas h) Craniopharyngiomas i) Astrocytoma of the cervical cord B) MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF THE PATHOLOGY OF THE SOFT TISSUES INSIDE SPINAL CANAL Gradimir Dragutinovic, Vaso Antunovic, Zvonimir Levic GENERAL PRINCIPLES 1. Introduction 2. Neuroradiologic examination of the spine 3. Magnetic Resonance of normal anatomy structures 4. Artifacts 5. Technique of MR examination 6. Choice of sequences for MR imaging 7. Paramagnetic contrast in the MR imaging of the spine I. MALFORMATIONS Ljiljana Djordjic, Gradimir Dragutinovic, Lukas Rasulic A) Midline closure defects of the spine (I) and of the spinal cord (II) B) Neuroectodermal dysplasias II. VASCULAR DISEASES OF MEDULLA SPINALIS Zvonimir Levic, Gradimir Dragutinovic, Vaso Antunovic a) Infarction of the medulla spinalis b) Hemorrhage c) A-V malformations Cavernous angioma III. SPINAL TRAUMA Lukas Rasulic, Gradimir Dragutinovic, Miroslav Samardzic IV. INFLAMMATORY DISEASES Gradimir Dragutinovic, Zvonimir Levic, Vaso Antunovic a) Myelitis b) Parasitoses V. DEMYELINATION DISEASES Zvonimir Levic, Gradimir Dragutinovic a) Sclerosis multiplex b) Myelopathy and myelomalacia VI. TUMORS Vaso Antunovic, Gradimir Dragutinovic, Miodrag Rakic a) Intramedullar tumors b) Intradural extramedullar tumors c) Extradural tumors d) Primary vertebral tumors e) Secondary spinal tumors VII. DEGENERATIVE DISEASES OF THE SPINE Miroslav Samardzic, Lukas Rasulic, Gradimir Dragutinovic Disk herniation a) Introduction a-1 Cervical disk herniation a-2 Thoracic disk herniation a-3 L-S discus herniae b) Neuroradiological examination c) Magnetic resonance imaging c-1 General remarks c-2 Examination technique and sequences c-3 MR of normal anatomy structures c-4 MRI of disk herniation c-5 MRI controls VIII. MR ANGIOGRAPHY OF THE SPINE Gradimir Dragutinovic, Vaso Antunovic, Miodrag Rakic IX. POSTOPERATIVE CHANGES AND CONTROLS |
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