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| Thumfart Surgical Approaches in Otorhinolaryngology Table of Contents1 LOCAL ANESTHESIA General Topical Anesthesia Infiltration Anesthesia and Nerve Blocks Local Anesthesia of the Ear Main Indications Technique (Figs. 1.3, 1.4) Local Anesthesia of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses Main Indications General Technique (Figs. 1.5--1.11) Local Anesthesia of the Oral Cavity Main Indications Technique (Figs. 1.12--1.14) Local Anesthesia of the Larynx, Trachea, and Hypopharynx Main Indications Technique (Fig. 1.5) Local Anesthesia of the Neck Main Indications Technique (Fig. 1.16) 2 NECK, LARYNX, AND HYPOPHARYNX SPECIAL ANATOMY OF THE NECK Boundaries and Surfaces (Fig. 2.1) Regions of the Neck (Fig. 2.2) Anterior Cervical Region (Anterior Cervical Triangle) Submental Triangle (Suprahyoid Region) (Fig. 2.3) Submandibular Triangle (Figs. 2.4, 2.5) Carotid Triangle (Figs. 2.6, 2.7) Median Cervical Region and Muscular Triangles (Figs. 1.6, 2.7) Lateral Cervical Region (Posterior Cervical Triangle) (Fig. 2.6) Sternocleidomastoid Region (Fig. 2.7) Scalenovertebral Triangle, Left Jugulosubclavian Venous Junction (Figs. 2.8, 2.9) Fasciae and Fascial Spaces of the Neck (Figs. 2.10, 2.11) Vessels and Nerves Vessels Lymphatic Drainage and Lymph Nodes (Figs. 2.12, 2.13) Nerves References CERVICAL APPROACHES TO THE LARYNX, TRACHEA, BRONCHI, HYPOPHARYNX, ESOPHAGUS, AND UPPER MEDIASTINUM General (Figs. 2.20--2.24) Local Incisions Main Indications Placement of Incisions Submandibular Incision Main Indications Placement of Incision (Fig. 2.25) Soft-Tissue Dissection (Figs. 2.26--2.30) Submental Incision Main Indications General Placement of Incision (Fig. 2.31) Soft-Tissue Dissection (Figs. 2.32, 2.33) Incision at the Posterior Border of the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle Main Indications Placement of Incision (Fig. 2.34) Soft-Tissue Dissection (Fig. 2.35) Incision at the Anterior Border of the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle Main Indications Placement of Incision (Fig. 2.36) Soft-Tissue Dissection (Figs. 2.37, 2.38) Incisions for Unilateral or Bilateral Neck Dissection Main Indications General Placement of Incision (Figs. 2.39, 2.40) Soft-Tissue Dissection (Figs. 2.41--2.48) Supra- and Infrahyoid Pharyngotomy Main Indications General Placement of Incision (Fig. 2.49) Soft-Tissue Dissection (Figs. 2.50--2.55) Lateral Pharyngotomy Main Indications General Placement of Incision (Fig. 2.49) Soft-Tissue Dissection (Figs. 2.56--2.58) Jugular Incision (Collar Incision) Main Indications Placement of Incision, Position of Patient (Fig. 2.59) Soft-Tissue Dissection (Figs. 2.60--2.66) Approaches for Tracheostomy Placement of Incision (Fig. 2.67) Cervical Mediastinotomy Main Indications Placement of Incision Soft-Tissue Dissection (Figs. 2.68, 2.69) Median Neck Incision Main Indications Placement of Incision (Fig. 2.70) Soft-Tissue Dissection (Figs. 2.71--2.75) Transverse Incision over the Larynx Main Indications Placement of Incision (Fig. 2.76) Soft-Tissue Dissection (Fig. 2.77) Approach to the Cervical Esophagus Main Indications General Placement of Incision (Fig. 2.78) Soft-Tissue Dissection (Fig. 2.79) Supraclavicular Incision Main Indications Placement of Incision Soft-Tissue Dissection (Fig. 2.81) Transoral Approach to the Larynx, Trachea, Hypopharynx, and Esophagus Main Indications General Position and Technique (Fig. 2.82) Approach to the Larynx Technique (Figs. 2.83--2.88) Approach to the Supraglottic Region Technique (Fig. 2.89) Approach to the Trachea and Bronchi Technique (Fig. 2.90) Approach to the Esophageal Inlet Approach to the Esophagus References 3 ORAL CAVITY AND NASOPHARYNX SPECIAL ANATOMY OF THE ORAL CAVITY Oral Vestibule Lips Cheeks Oral Cavity Proper Palate (Figs. 3.1, 3.2) Mandible Tongue Floor of Oral Cavity (Figs. 3.3, 3.4) Posterolateral Wall of Oral Cavity (Fig. 3.5) Salivary Glands Vessels Nerve Supply APPROACHES TO THE ORAL CAVITY AND OROPHARYNX General Transoral Approach to the Oral Cavity and Oropharynx Main Indications General Ventilation Exposure of the Operative Site (Figs. 3.6--3.9) Transoral Approach to the Parapharyngeal Space Main Indications Exposure of the Operative Site (Fig. 3.10) Soft-Tissue Dissection (Figs. 3.12--3.14) Intraoral Incisions Main Indications General Incision in the Oral Vestibule (Figs. 3.15, 3.16) Incision in the Oral Floor (Figs. 3.17, 3.18) Incision Medial to the Mandibular Ramus (Figs. 3.19, 3.20) Median Mandibulotomy (Median Transmandibular Pharyngotomy) Main Indications General Placement of Incision (Figs. 3.21, 3.22) Mandibulotomy (Fig. 3.23) Soft-Tissue Dissection (Figs. 3.24, 3.25) Median Glossotomy Main Indications General Division of the Bone (Fig. 3.27) Soft-Tissue Dissection (Figs. 3.28--3.30) Lateral Mandibulotomy (Lateral Transmandibular Pharyngotomy) Main Indications General Placement of Incision (Fig. 3.31) Division of the Bone (Fig. 3.36) Soft-Tissue Dissection in the Oral Floor and Oropharynx (Fig. 3.37) APPROACHES TO THE NASOPHARYNX Transnasal Approach Main Indications Exposure of the Operative Site (Figs. 3.38, 3.39) Transoral Approach Main Indications Exposure of the Operative Site (Figs. 3.40, 3.41) Transpalatine Approach Main Indications Placement of Incision (Fig. 3.42) Soft-Tissue Dissection (Fig. 3.43) Transpalatine Approach through the Hard Palate Main Indications General Median Incision (Fig. 3.44) Soft-Tissue Dissection (Fig. 3.45) Bone Removal (Figs. 3.46, 3.47) Bilateral Incision along the Hard Palate (Fig. 3.48) Soft-Tissue Dissection (Fig. 3.49) Bone Removal (Fig. 3.50) Transpalatine Approach to the Skull Base in the Clivus Region Main Indications General Median Incision (Fig. 3.51) Soft-Tissue Dissection (Fig. 3.52) Bone Removal (Figs. 3.53, 3.54) Extended Incision (Fig. 3.55) Soft-Tissue Dissection (Fig. 3.56) Bone Removal (Figs. 3.57, 3.58) Infratemporal Approach References 4 NOSE, PARANASAL SINUSES, MIDFACE, ORBIT, AND PITUITARY SPECIAL ANATOMY OF THE NOSE External Nose Internal Nose (Fig. 4.4) Nasal Cavity Paranasal Sinuses Vessels and Nerves of the Nasal Cavity References APPROACHES TO THE EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL NOSE General Endonasal Approaches Hemitransfixion Incision Transfixion Incision Marginal Incision Intracartilaginous Incision Intercartilaginous Incision Nasal Vestibular Incision Oral Approaches Oral Vestibular Incision Transcutaneous Approaches Extranasal Approach Columellar Incision Alar Incision Upper Flank Incision 5. Ear, middle ear, laterobase 6. Regio parotidea. |
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